Complexity of adoption and diffusion of ecological sanitation technology: a review of literature

Abstract Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) technology was introduced to improve through the reuse of excreta resources, particularly in developing countries. However, adoption Ecosan is low which makes its diffusion complex, especially diverse spatial and socio-cultural contexts. This review literature aimed use innovation theory identify issues that make process complex. A total 105 published studies were reviewed. Of these, only 34 analyzed grouped according complexity ecological using five stages conceptual model identified by Everett Rogers namely: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation. The revealed existence complexities adoption, such as lack policy, phobia against by-products, technical support, safety issues. In addition, poor practical illiteracy, high capital cost, disgust with human excreta, religious taboos, cultural boundaries also found hinder smooth various geographical settings. scale-up technology, therefore, needs focus on addressing these barriers adopting implementation best practices.